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Periodismo y cambio climático: ¿Cómo informar responsablemente?

| Viernes 2 de Marzo, 2018

Mauricio Castro Salazar*

Es casi imposible hablar de información acerca del cambio climático -o de cualquier cosa- sin tener claro el contexto y el por qué se genera este problema global relacionado con el desarrollo y el abuso contra el medio ambiente en general. Antes de entrar en materia, resulta conveniente comentar algunos detalles:

En muchas ocasiones leo noticias (también las oigo y las veo) que me sorprenden especialmente por varias condiciones: la cantidad de contradicciones en una misma noticia; el fanatismo en el tratamiento de la información, la falta de conocimientos acerca del tema (deberían haberse leído el Reader Digest, al menos) y en otras ocasiones encuentro notas escritas con verdadera maestría (como expertos). Y entonces me cuestiono el porqué de tanta diferencia.

Hace algunos años vi en uno de los noticieros de televisión una crítica fuertísima de un “periodista-denuncia” acerca de la forma cómo estaban asfaltando el Paseo Colón. Al día siguiente, sin más pedí a mis alumnos de primer año de Ingeniería que vieran la noticia y me dijeran qué opinaban. La conclusión generalizada reflejó el sin sentido pues se estaba utilizando el método correcto de asfaltado y agregaron que el periodista informó sobre cosas “sin sentido, alejadas de la realidad”.

Objetividad y conocimiento del tema

Cada vez que juega nuestra Selección masculina de Fútbol (cuando es la femenina lo transmiten pocas veces), no me dejan de sorprender los narradores diciendo: “Gol de mi país” y no mantienen su objetividad. Creo que deberían dejar su fanatismo a un lado porque eso es lo que se espera de la información noticiosa. ¿Será que cuando juega la Sele hay derecho a perder la objetividad?

Reconozco que no es posible encontrar la objetivad total (100%) y cito una investigación reciente que concluyó: “… los prejuicios tienen más peso del que se imaginaba y son capaces de enturbiar el raciocinio y no tener en consideración hechos reales y concretos” (PloS Computacional Biology 2017).

Es evidente que el periodismo ha ido perdiendo credibilidad. Un artículo que leí recientemente lo confirma en “…los años noventa, los sondeos del Centro Pew apuntaban una creciente pérdida de credibilidad. El periodismo se percibía más cercano al poder que al lector. De hecho era un poder (incluso el 3º más que el 4º, protestaban muchos jueces) más que un contrapoder. Ese poder mediático produjo grandes cosas, pero también perversiones…” (El País 30/01/2018).

Pero además de la pérdida de credibilidad, algunas noticias o reportajes se han vuelto aburridos; les falta despertar interés, les falta pluma.

Lo primero que se viene a la mente cuando hablamos de cambio climático son chimeneas echando humo, bosques talados y tierra erosionada; y otros piensan en las sequías e inundaciones. Muy pocos hacen referencia al uso de nuestro carro y a los hábitos de consumo y cómo impactan en el cambio climático.

Nuestro planeta, “nuestra casa”, vive un equilibrio dinámico, una atmósfera compuesta por gases que produce un efecto invernadero. Piense en las condiciones cuando usted va en un carro y hace mucho frío afuera, pero hace sol y usted siente calor dentro del carro. A diferencia del techo de nuestro carro, la atmósfera deja pasar y salir parte de la radiación solar. Eso es lo que nos permite vivir y sin ese efecto invernadero, “nuestra casa” sería tan fría que resultaría imposible vivir en ella.

Nuestros hábitos de consumo han hecho que se produzcan más gases de la cuenta; más de lo que la atmósfera necesita y puede manejar. Ante ello, los rayos del sol no salen en la cantidad esperada y quedan atrapados produciendo un aumento de temperatura, un aumento en el efecto invernadero, que provoca impactos en el clima de nuestro planeta y es lo que conocemos como cambio climático.

¿Qué produce el aumento de los gases?

Muchas cosas, pero en particular dos procesos: la quema de hidrocarburos y una disminución de las fuentes naturales que los atrapaban.

Cada vez hay más gente en el planeta, más consumo de alimentos (más fincas produciendo comida y para tener más área de cultivo se cortan árboles), más carros y buses, motos, fábricas, generadores de energía para producir en “nuestra casa” y por esas cosas de la vida, que no tocaremos aquí por razones de espacio, la mayor parte de la energía proviene del petróleo (que en esencia es carbono y al quemarse produce CO2 y otros gases y partículas).

A cada instante hay más CO2 en el aire (y también metano y otros gases que provienen de la agricultura y la ganadería, la explotación minera y de otras fuentes). ¿Qué ha diseñado la naturaleza para atrapar gran parte de esos gases? ¡Los bosques!

En nuestra enseñanza primaria aprendimos que los árboles absorben CO2 y expelen oxígeno, y que el carbono se almacena en el árbol; pues sí, eso es lo que la naturaleza dispuso para atrapar ciertos gases: la fotosíntesis.

Los seres humanos por su forma de vivir producen más gases de los que la naturaleza puede atrapar y estos, en lugar de ser absorbidos por ella, se van a la atmósfera e impiden que los rayos solares salgan. Visto eso, es importante saber informar.

¿Qué se debe informar?

1. Que hay un cambio en el equilibrio natural producido por los hábitos de consumo de los seres humanos, que cada día somos más y, por lo tanto, requerimos más alimentos y más áreas para que se cultiven y para ello se talan bosques.

2. Que entre más se consuman bienes no producidos a base de energías limpias, habrá más gases en la atmósfera y por lo tanto el desequilibrio es cada vez mayor.

3. Que nosotros contribuimos con la producción de más gases: entre más consumimos y desperdiciemos energía, generamos más gases (por ejemplo usar nuestro carro solo para nosotros).

4. Que para lograr de nuevo el equilibrio, tenemos que reducir nuestras emisiones de gases y aumentar nuestras fuentes de absorción; o sea, más bosques.

5. Que todos tenemos responsabilidades como habitantes del planeta, comunes pero diferenciadas porque no es lo mismo que a un ciudadano de un país desarrollado se le pida que reduzca el uso de la cocina o refrigeradora, a que a un ciudadano del mundo en desarrollo se le prohíba adquirir una refrigeradora para que mantenga sus alimentos frescos.

Informar con conocimiento y además, hacerlo de una forma entretenida, atractiva para el destinatario, es una tarea ardua, pero ¡se puede hacer!

 

(*) Asociado de Adelphi, grupo de expertos líder independiente y una consultora de política pública sobre clima, medio ambiente y desarrollo.

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